Tuckman’s stages of group development

Tuckman's

The forming–storming–norming–performing model of group development was first proposed by Bruce Tuckman in 1965,[1] who said that these phases are all necessary and inevitable in order for the team to grow, face up to challenges, tackle problems, find solutions, plan work, and deliver results.

 

 

Group development

Forming

The team meets and learns about the opportunities and challenges, and then agrees on goals and begins to tackle the tasks. Team members tend to behave quite independently. They may be motivated but are usually relatively uninformed of the issues and objectives of the team. Team members are usually on their best behavior but very focused on themselves. Mature team members begin to model appropriate behavior even at this early phase. The meeting environment also plays an important role to model the initial behavior of each individual. The major task functions also concern orientation. Members attempt to become oriented to the tasks as well as to one another. Discussion centers on defining the scope of the task, how to approach it, and similar concerns. To grow from this stage to the next, each member must relinquish the comfort of non-threatening topics and risk the possibility of conflict.

Storming

This is the second stage of team development, where the group starts to sort itself out and gain each other’s trust. This stage often starts when they voice their opinions and, as a result of this, a conflict may arise between team members as power and status are assigned. When the group members start to work with each other they start to learn about individual working styles and what it is like to work with each other as a team, it also identifies different hierarchy of status of positions in the group. At this stage there is a positive and polite atmosphere and people are pleasant to each other and they have different feelings of excitement, eagerness and positiveness and others may have feelings of suspicion, fear and anxiety. The leader of the team will then describe the tasks to the group, describe the different behaviours to the group and how to deal and handle complaints. In this stage “…participants form opinions about the character and integrity of the other participants and feel compelled to voice these opinions if they find someone shirking responsibility or attempting to dominate. Sometimes participants question the actions or decision of the leader as the expedition grows harder…”.[2] Disagreements and personality clashes must be resolved before the team can progress out of this stage, and so some teams may never emerge from “storming”[3] or re-enter that phase if new challenges or disputes arise.[4] In Tuckman’s 1965 paper, only 50% of the studies identified a stage of intragroup conflict, and some of the remaining studies jumped directly from stage 1 to stage 3.[5] Some groups may avoid the phase altogether, but for those who do not, the duration, intensity and destructiveness of the “storms” can be varied. Tolerance of each team member and their differences should be emphasized; without tolerance and patience the team will fail. This phase can become destructive to the team and will lower motivation if allowed to get out of control. Some teams will never develop past this stage; however, disagreements within the team can make members stronger, more versatile, and able to work more effectively as a team. Supervisors of the team during this phase may be more accessible, but tend to remain directive in their guidance of decision-making and professional behaviour. The team members will therefore resolve their differences and members will be able to participate with one another more comfortably. The ideal is that they will not feel that they are being judged, and will therefore share their opinions and views. Normally tension, struggle and sometimes arguments occur. This stage can also be upsetting.

Norming

“Resolved disagreements and personality clashes result in greater intimacy, and a spirit of co-operation emerges.”[2] This happens when the team is aware of competition and they share a common goal. In this stage, all team members take the responsibility and have the ambition to work for the success of the team’s goals. They start tolerating the whims and fancies of the other team members. They accept others as they are and make an effort to move on. The danger here is that members may be so focused on preventing conflict that they are reluctant to share controversial ideas.

Performing

“With group norms and roles established, group members focus on achieving common goals, often reaching an unexpectedly high level of success.”[6] By this time, they are motivated and knowledgeable. The team members are now competent, autonomous and able to handle the decision-making process without supervision. Dissent is expected and allowed as long as it is channelled through means acceptable to the team.

Supervisors of the team during this phase are almost always participating. The team will make most of the necessary decisions. Even the most high-performing teams will revert to earlier stages in certain circumstances. Many long-standing teams go through these cycles many times as they react to changing circumstances. For example, a change in leadership may cause the team to revert to storming as the new people challenge the existing norms and dynamics of the team.

Further developments

Adjourning and transforming and mourning

In 1977, Tuckman, jointly with Mary Ann Jensen, added a fifth stage to the four stages: adjourning,[7] that involves completing the task and breaking up the team (in some texts referred to as Mourning).

Norming and re-norming

Timothy Biggs suggested that an additional stage be added of Norming after Forming and renaming the traditional Norming stage Re-Norming. This addition is designed to reflect that there is a period after Forming where the performance of a team gradually improves and the interference of a leader content with that level of performance will prevent a team progressing through the Storming stage to true performance. This puts the emphasis back on the team and leader as the Storming stage must be actively engaged in order to succeed – too many ‘diplomats’ or ‘peacemakers,’ especially in a leadership role, may prevent the team from reaching their full potential.[citation needed]

Rickards and Moger proposed a similar extension to the Tuckman model when a group breaks out of its norms through a process of creative problem-solving.[8][9]

John Fairhurst TPR model

Alasdair A. K. White together with his colleague, John Fairhurst, examined Tuckman’s development sequence when developing the White-Fairhurst TPR Model. They simplify the sequence and group the Forming-Storming-Norming stages together as the Transforming phase, which they equate with the initial performance level. This is then followed by a Performing phase that leads to a new performance level which they call the Reforming phase. Their work was developed further by White in his essay “From Comfort Zone to Performance Management”[10] in which he demonstrates the linkage between Tuckman’s work with that of Colin Carnall’s “coping cycle” and the Comfort Zone Theory.

Leadership strategies to facilitate successful team development

A healthcare research study “Maximizing Team Performance: The Critical Role of the Nurse Leader”[11] examined the role of nursing leaders in facilitating the development of high performing Change teams using the Tuckman Model of Group Development as a guiding framework. Using qualitative research techniques, these authors linked the team development stages to leadership strategies, as well as identified keys to leader success. Below are some examples from the article:

Team Development Stage Leadership Strategies Keys to success
Forming (Setting the stage)[11] Coordinating Behaviors – Purposefully picking the team- Facilitate team to identify goals- Ensure the team development of a shared mental model
Storming (Resolving conflict and tension)[11] Coaching Behaviors – Act as a resource person to the team- Develop mutual trust- Calm the work environment
Norming & Performing (Successfully implementing and sustaining projects)[11] Empowering Behaviors – Get feedback from staff- Allow for the transfer of leadership- Set aside time for planning and engaging the team
Outperforming & Adjourning (Expanding initiative and integrating new members)[11] Supporting Behaviors – Allow for flexibility in team roles- Assist in the timing and selection of new member- Create future leadership opportunities

Swarming

In agile software development, high-performance teams will exhibit a swarm behavior as they come together, collaborate, and focus on solving a single problem. Swarming is a sometime behavior, in contrast to mob programming, which can be thought of as swarming all the time.

 

Fonte: Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuckman%27s_stages_of_group_development

Estatística Não Ganha Jogo

Rafael Nadal

Ontem um amigo me falou que ia passar um jogão de tênis na TV e eu falei: “Sem chance, hoje tem Masterchef, mas quem vai jogar?” e ele respondeu “Nadal contra Thiem. Eu vou assistir os dois”.

Eu não entendo nada de tênis, nem conheço os jogadores direito, mas sei que o Rafael Nadal é um cara top e por coincidência eu tinha visto o último set do último jogo dele e achei bom pra caramba.

O outro cara eu nunca tinha ouvido falar, mas isso não importava muito, o jogo valia vaga na semi-final do US Open e deveria valer a pena.

Um detalhe: o último jogo do Nadal tinha durado quase 5 horas e esse jogo ia começar por volta das 22:00 hrs, ou seja, ia acabar quase 3:00 hrs da manhã.

Resolvi assistir os dois também, mas quando coloquei no jogo, já tinha perdido o primeiro set e o Rafael Nadal havia perdido por 6 x 0, ou seja, tomou uma surra e o tal do Thiem estava jogando muito.

Todos pontos eram muito disputados. Realmente estava sendo um jogão.

O Rafael começou o segundo set sacando e conseguiu empatar o jogo quebrando o serviço do Thiem. Depois se manteve na frente ganhando o terceiro.

Eu fui dormir 1:30 hrs da manhã e o Nadal tinha sofrido uma quebra de saque, mas tinha conseguido devolver e o jogo estava empatado em 4 a 4 com no quarto set com o Rafael indo sacar pra tentar garantir seu serviço e depois tentar fechar a partida.

Durante todos os momentos do jogo, que eu assisti, o Rafael Nadal estava sendo o super atleta que me fez ter interesse no jogo, mas o adversário dele estava jogando muito. Sendo extremamente agressivo nas investidas e desestabilizando o Nadal em muitos pontos.

Na minha visão de leigo o Thiem estava superior na partida e as estatísticas do jogo confirmavam isso.

Quando eu acordei fui ver o resultado do jogo e vi que o Rafael Nadal havia vencido no tiebreak do quinto set, ou seja, ele perdeu o quarto set no tiebreak e o jogo ficou empatado em dois sets pra cada um.

A disputa ficou pro set final que deve ter sido disputadíssimo e terminou com a vitória do Nadal no tiebreak.

Mas o que me chamou muita atenção foram as estatísticas finais do jogo, na maioria absoluta dos quesitos o Thiem teve melhor desempenho que o Nadal e no único quesito que o Nadal foi superior a diferença era pequena. Então como ele conseguiu vencer?

A resposta é simples: “Estatísticas não ganham jogo!”, números são apenas indicadores de algo, mas no mundo real as emoções, forças, virtudes e fraquezas contam mais. O querer vencer a partida, independente do resultado dos indicadores.

Como diria o torcedor fanático: “Joga feio, faz gol de bico, mas ganha o jogo!”

E no esporte tem muito disso, às vezes o vencedor de uma partida não foi o melhor naquele jogo. Às vezes o melhor time, manda no jogo e no final comete um erro e perde a partida, porque o esporte tem dessas. Ganha aquele que joga mais, que erra menos, que quer mais, que tem mais apoio, sei lá… talvez caiba uma reflexão mais profunda aqui.

Mas o interessante é que os indicadores são importantes, mas devemos tirar conclusões levando em conta outros aspectos que às vezes somente os números não nos mostram.

Nadal vs Thiem

Nadal vs Thiem

No mundo dos negócios, às vezes aspectos intangíveis dos profissionais são tão importantes quanto os resultados apresentados. Aspectos como perfil, postura, trajetória, relacionamento e resultado final, por exemplo. E é sempre bom ter um artilheiro na equipe de trabalho. Sabe aquele que quase não aparece no jogo, mas faz o gol da vitória. Que no final é o que todos vão se lembrar? Então, esse mesmo.

Aquele cara que muitas vezes enfrenta uma batalha com competidores que desempenham melhor durante o jogo, mas que no final faz a entrega e trás o resultado pra casa.

Enfim, de qualquer modo, eu estava torcendo pro Nadal e fiquei feliz pela sua vitória. Agora é esperar pelo próximo jogo e torcer novamente por um bom espetáculo.

 

Autor:

Izandro Pereira

Entusiasta dos números e do tênis

 

Fonte dos resultados: Google

Termo de Pesquisa: resultado do jogo rafael nadal

Data da pesquisa: 05/09/2018

https://www.google.com.br/search?q=resultado+do+jogo+rafael+nadal&oq=resultado+do+jogo+rafael+nadal&aqs=chrome..69i57.6737j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

3 Coisas que aprendi enquanto meu avião caia

Ric Elias passou por uma situação de quase morte, ele viaja de avião e estava em uma poltrona da primeira fila no vôo 1549, o avião que fez um pouso forçado no Rio Husdon, em Nova Iorque, em Janeiro de 2009.

O relato dessa experiência e as consequências na vida dele são surpreendentes. Nos fazem pensar muito sobre o modo o modo como levamos nossas vidas.

Vejam o vídeo:

 

Fale Conosco